State of California
AIR RESOURCES BOARD
Canyon Plaza Hotel
Fairway Room
2601 Golf Club Drive
Palm Springs, CA 92262
November 29, 1979
10:00 a.m.
AGENDA
PAGE
79-28-1 Public Hearing to Consider the Adoption, as Amendments 001
to the California State Implementation Plan, of Plans for
the Attainment and Maintenance of National Ambient Air
Quality Standards for the Southeast Desert Air Basin Portions
of Riverside, Los Angeles, and San Bernardino Counties.
79-28-2 Public Meeting to Consider Model Rule for the Control 163
of Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions from Stationary Internal
Combustion Engines.
79-28-3 Other Business
1. Delegations to the Executive Officer
2. Executive Session
a. Personnel
b. Litigation
AGENDA ITEM NO.: 79-28-1
Public Hearing to Consider the Los Angeles County, San Bernardino
County, and Riverside County Desert Nonattainment Area Air
Quality Plans (Nonattainment Plans for Ozone and TSP) as
Revisions to the State of California Implementation Plan (SIP)
for the Attainment and Maintenance of National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS).
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The Board finds Los Angeles County, San Bernardino County,
and Riverside County Desert Nonattainment Areas to be
"unclassified" for TSP and directs the Executive Officer to
notify the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of such
recommendations.
2. The Board commit to consider adoption of rules for
degreasing, architectural coating, gasoline marketing, and
New Source Review, if appropriate, as effective as the ARB
model rules or equally effective SCAQMD's rules if not
adopted by the Los Angeles county and San Bernardino County
Desert APCDs, and by the South Coast AQMD for the desert
portion of Riverside County by January 21, 1980.
3. The Board should urge the districts to adopt regulations
pertaining to asphalt cutback and dry cleaning.
4. The Board modify and approve the Riverside County Air
Quality Management Plan for the Southeast Desert Air Basin
and authorize the Executive Officer to submit the plan to
EPA as revision to the SIP.
5. The Board approve the nonattainment plans for the San
Bernardino County and Los Angeles County portions of the
Southeast Desert Air Basin and authorize the Executive
Officer to submit them to EPA as revisions to the SIP.
SUMMARY
The Air Resources Board (ARB) is the state agency responsible for
preparing and adopting the SIP for submission to the EPA. The
Los Angeles County and San Bernardino County nonattainment plans
under consideration were prepared by ARB staff and the Riverside
County nonattainment plan was prepared by the South Coast Air
Quality Management district (SCAQMD) staff. All three plans were
prepared in response to Part D of the Clean Air Act.
Air quality in all three areas is impacted significantly by
pollutants transported from the South Coast Air Basin.
Approvable 1979 SIP revisions for designated nonattainment areas
affected primarily by transport must include all applicable
Reasonably Available control Measures (RACMs).
All three areas were designated originally as nonattainment for
oxidant and total suspended particulates. The new 0.12 ppm ozone
standard does not affect that designation. However, because
these desert areas are rural pursuant to EPA/TSP policy, the
areas may be redesignated to "unclassified" for TSP.
These three nonattainment plans propose adoption of applicable
RACMs for sources of RHC and NOx, as precursors to ozone.
Additionally, the plans identify actions which are to be taken to
study further nontraditional particulate sources and commit to
implement RACMs to determined by such studies to be feasible.
SIP REVISION - LOS ANGELES COUNTY, RIVERSIDE COUNTY, AND
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY DESERT NONATTAINMENT AREA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
II. Staff Findings and Recommended Board Action . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
A. Ozone Air Quality Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
B. Stationary Source Control Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
C. Total Suspended Particulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
III. Continuing Planning and Implementation Program. . . . . . . . . . . 11
IV. Environmental Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Appendix A Proposed SIP Revision for the Los Angeles County
Portion of the Southeast Desert Air Basin
Nonattainment Area
Appendix B Proposed SIP Revision for the San Bernardino
County Portion of the Southeast Desert Air Basin
Nonattainment Area
Appendix C Proposed SIP Revision for the Riverside County
Portion of the Southeast Desert Air Basin
Nonattainment Area
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN
SOUTHEAST DESERT AIR BASIN, RIVERSIDE COUNTY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
II. Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
III. Governmental Setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
A. Division of Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
B. Consultation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
IV. Description of the Planning Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
A. Population and Human Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
B. Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
C. Meteorology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
V. Air Quality in the Riverside County Portion of SEDAB. . . . . . . . .9
A. Oxidant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
1. Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
2. Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
B. Particulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1. Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2. Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
C. Existing Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
VI. Future Air Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
A. Oxidant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
B. Particulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
VII. Control Strategies Considered for the AQMP. . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
A. Oxidant
1. Stationary Source Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2. Mobile Source Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3. Agricultural Burning and Pesticide Use. . . . . . . . . . 27
B. Particulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1. Construction and Demolition Activities. . . . . . . . . . 28
2. Unpaved Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3. Agricultural Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
VIII. Strategies Accepted for Inclusion in the AQMP. . . . . . . . . . . 30
IX. Reasonable Further Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
X. Request for Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
XI. Plan Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
XII. Plan Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
XIII. Future Studies and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
PROPOSED NONATTAINMENT PLAN FOR THE LOS ANGELES COUNTY
PORTION OF THE SOUTHEAST DESERT AIR BASIN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
II. Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
III. Governmental Setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
A. Division of Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
B. Consultative Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
IV. Description of Planning Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
A. Population and Economic Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
B. Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
C. Meteorology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
V. Air Quality in the Planning Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
A. Oxidant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
1. Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
2. Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3. Causes of the Oxidant Air Quality Problem . . . . . . . . 12
4. Future Oxidant Air Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5. Control Strategies for Oxidant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
B. Total Suspended Particulate Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1. Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2. Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3. Causes of the TSP Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4. Future Air Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5. Control Strategies for TSP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
VI. Measures Considered for Inclusion in the Plan . . . . . . . . . . . 23
A. Architectural Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
B. Dry Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
C. Degreasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
D. Cutback Asphalt Use in Road Construction and Repair. . . . . . 26
E. New Source Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
F. Extension of SCAB AQMP Nonstationary Source Measures to the. . 30
Planning Area
G. Extension of SCAQMD Rules and Regulations to the
Planning Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
H. Control of Unpaved Road Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
VII. Reasonable Further Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
VIII. Plan Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
A. Health Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
B. Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
C. Vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
IX. Future Requirements and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
APPENDICES
Appendix A Source of Base Year Emissions and Methodology Used
to Forecast Emissions in the NAP Planning Area
Appendix B Proposed Model Rule for the Control of Volatile
Organic Compound Emissions from Organic Solvent
Degreasing Operations
Appendix C Proposed Model Rule for the Control of Volatile
Organic Compound Emissions from Cutback Asphalt
Paving Material
Appendix D Agencies and Individuals Receiving Draft Copy of
Plan
LIST OF TABLES
No. Title Page
1 Highest and Second-Highest One-Hour Oxidant Concentrations. . . . . 10
2 Estimated Annual Daily Average Emissions of Total Organic
Gases - 1976 and Projected. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 TSP Concentrations - Annual Geometric Mean. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4 Highest and Second-Highest 24-Hour TSP Concentrations in the
Planning Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5 Estimated Annual Daily Average Emissions of TSP - 1976 and
Projected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
LIST OF FIGURES
No. Title Page
1 California Air Basins and the NAP Planning Area . . . . . . . . . . .2
2 Southeast Desert Air Basin and the NAP Planning Area. . . . . . . . .7
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN
SOUTHEAST DESERT AIR BASIN, RIVERSIDE COUNTY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
II. Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
III. Governmental Setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
A. Division of Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
B. Consultation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
IV. Description of the Planning Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
A. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
B. Topography of the Planning Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
C. Climate and Meteorology of the Planning Region . . . . . . . . .9
D. Population and Growth Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
E. Housing Market Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
F. Economic Sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
V. Air Quality in the Riverside County Portion of SEDAB. . . . . . . . 21
A. Oxidant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1. Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2. Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
B. Particulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1. Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2. Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
C. Existing Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
VI. Future Air Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
A. Oxidant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
B. Particulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
VII. Control Strategies Considered for the AQMP. . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
A. Oxidant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1. Stationary Source Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2. Mobile Source Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3. Agricultural Burning and Pesticide Use. . . . . . . . . . 40
B. Particulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1. Construction and Demolition Activities. . . . . . . . . . 41
2. Unpaved Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3. Agricultural Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
VIII. Strategies Accepted for Inclusion in the AQMP. . . . . . . . . . . 43
IX. Reasonable Further Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
X. Request for Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
XI. Plan Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
XII. Plan Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
XIII. Future Studies and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
ITEM NO.: 79-28-2
Proposed Strategy for the Control of Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions
from Stationary Internal Combustion Engines
SUMMARY
Emissions of oxides of nitrogen from stationary internal
combustion (IC) engines, including reciprocating engines and gas
turbines, constitute approximately 14 percent of the NOx
emissions from stationary sources and 5 percent of the total NOx
emissions in the South Coast Air Basin (SCAB). The NOx emissions
from this category are second only to those from utility boilers
among stationary sources in the SCAB.
Technology is available to reduce emissions of NOx from
reciprocating engines by over 90 percent, and from gas turbines
by over 70 percent. Gas turbines can be controlled through the
use of water injection systems, and reciprocating engines are
amenable to control through the use of catalytic exhaust
treatment systems. The above systems are or will be available to
satisfy a District regulation in the 1981-3 time period,
depending on the type of engine and control strategy. An
enforceable rule patterned after the proposed control strategy in
the SCAB would reduce NOx emissions from IC engines by about 85
percent. This reduction can be achieved at a cost-effectiveness
ratio of about $0.10 per pound of NOx reduced from reciprocating
engines and about $0.30 per pound of NOx reduced from gas
turbines. CO emissions from IC engines would be reduced about 80
percent and HC emissions about 75 percent.
Most districts in the state currently have a general limitation
on CO emissions of 2000 parts per million (at 3 percent O2, dry).
However, they also generally have an exemption from this rule for
stationary IC engines. Although catalyst manufacturers have
indicated that they voluntarily would not sell reducing catalysts
without an oxidizing stage, there are no present rules which
would prevent the large increase in CO emissions which would
result from improper use of a reducing catalyst without an
oxidizing stage. Repeal of the exemptions from the CO
limitations now contained in local district rules for IC engines
will preclude this potential problem.
RECOMMENDATION
The staff recommends that the Board find the proposed control
strategy to be technologically feasible and cost effective for IC
engines, and direct the staff to forward it to districts where
ambient air quality standards related to NOx emissions have been
exceeded, with the recommendation that the districts:
1. Adopt a rule equivalent in effectiveness;
2. Modify their permit requirements to include stationary
IC engines; and
3. Repeal existing exemptions from CO emission limitations
for stationary internal combustion engines in those
districts that have such exemptions or establish limits
of equivalent effectiveness in those districts which
currently do not have CO limitations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii
List of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
II. Conclusions and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
A. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
B. Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
C. Discussion of Proposed Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
III. Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
A. Air Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
B. Overview of Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1. Staff Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2. Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
a. Reciprocating Engines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
b. Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3. Manufacturers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
a. Reciprocating Engines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
b. Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
IV. Rationale for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
A. EPA New Source Performance Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
B. Meetings with Manufacturers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
C. Initial Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
D. Workshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
V. Emission Reductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
VI. Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
A. Economic Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1. Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
a. Reciprocating Engines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
b. Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2. Manufacturers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
a. Reciprocating Engines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
b. Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3. Competition Between Reciprocating Engines and Gas
Turbines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
B. Potential Adverse Environmental Impacts from NOx
Reduction Catalysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
C. Energy Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
D. Water Impacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Appendix A NOx Emission Reduction Techniques Applicable to
Stationary Reciprocating Engines and Gas Turbines . . . .A-1
1. Reciprocating Engines -- Operational Modifications. . . . . .A-3
a. Air Fuel Ratio Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-3
b. Derating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-6
c. Retard Ignition or Injection Timing . . . . . . . . . . .A-7
2. Reciprocating Engines -- Hardware Modifications. . . . . . . .A-7
a. Exhaust Gas Recirculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-7
b. Turbo charging and After cooling. . . . . . . . . . . . .A-8
c. Combustion Chamber Redesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-9
3. Reciprocating Engines -- Exhaust Treatment . . . . . . . . . A-10
a. Fuel-Rich Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-12
b. Fuel-Lean Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-14
4. Gas Turbine -- Hardware Modifications. . . . . . . . . . . . A-20
a. Water Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-20
b. Design Modifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-20
5. Gas Turbine -- Exhaust Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-21
Appendix B -- Survey Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B-1
Appendix C -- Letter to Manufacturers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-1
Appendix D -- Workshop Notice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-1
Appendix E -- EPA Reference Method 20 and Amended Method 20. . . . . . .E-1